It has been established that GHE observations can be made at exttremely low temperatures that are below the boiling point of helium gas and efforts to increase the temperature at which the observations can be made (at least 30 kelvin) using semi-conductors have been unsusccessful. However, the GHE effects can be observed at room temperature if tightly packed carbon particles are used for the QHE observations.
Graphene is one of the materials that have been successfully used to study the QHE at room temperature. Graphene “consists of tightly packed carbon atoms in a honeycomb forming a crystal lattice and each particle of the atoms are arranged in a lattice structure that form the honeycomb†(Gusynin and Sharapov 8). The sublattices create a topology that allows for the unusual energy dispersion of charge carriers in the topological structure (Gusynin and Sharapov 9).
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